Evaluation of safety and immunogenicity of hepatitis E vaccine in maintenance hemodialysis patients / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective: To evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of hepatitis E vaccine(HEV)in Maintenance hemodialysis(MHD)patients. Methods: Based on an open-labeled controlled trial, from May 2016 to March 2018, 35 eligible MHD patients were recruited in the Hemodialysis Center of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University as the experimental group, and 70 MHD patients with matched age, gender and underlying diseases as the control group. The experimental group received HEV at 0, 1 and 6 months according to the standard vaccination procedures, while the control group received routine diagnosis and treatment without vaccine and placebo injection to observe the safety and immunogenicity of the vaccine. The safety of vaccine in MHD population was evaluated by the incidence of adverse reactions/events in the experimental and control groups. The immunogenicity of HEV in MHD patients was evaluated by comparing the data from the phase Ⅲ clinical trial. Results: The overall incidence of adverse reactions/events was 17.1% (18/105), and there were no grade 3-4 adverse reactions/events related to vaccination. In the experimental group, the incidence of local adverse reactions/events was 20.0% (7/35), and the incidence of systemic adverse reactions/events was 17.1% (6/35).There was no significant difference in the incidence of systemic adverse reactions/events between the experimental group and the control group (P>0.05). There were 23 patients receiving 3 doses with the standard schedule. The positive rate of HEV-IgG antibody was 100% and the GMC was 14.47(95%CI:13.14-15.80) WU/ml, which showed no significant difference compared with the 46 patients in Phase Ⅲ clinical trial (t=-1.04, P>0.05). Conclusion: Recombinant HEV has good safety and immunogenicity in MHD patients.

Summarization of the pathogen and therapy of secondary glaucoma after vitrectomy / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

Secondary glaucoma is a kind of complications after vitrectomy, its etiologies are various and complex. Ineffective therapies might cause irreversible damage on optic nerves and visual field defect, even the loss in visual function. Nowadays, this project has been paid great attention by various researches both in China and abroad. Both the pathogens and therapies of secondary glaucoma after vitrectomy are analyzed as follows.

Analyzing the mutations of rpoB gene in Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates by probe melting analysis assay / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the clinical performance of a probe melting analysis (PMA)-based real-time PCR detection kit in rapid detection of rifampin-resistant mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The specificity of the assay was evaluated by detecting 37 non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), and the detection limit of the method was evaluated by genomic DNA of a standard strain H37Rv. Finally, 962 clinical isolates were analyzed with the PMA assay by detecting mutations in rifampin resistance-determining region (RRDR) of rpoB gene, and results were verified with DNA sequencing.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among 37 NTM strains, three strains showed drug resistant mutation signals. The PMA method could detect down to 30 bacteria per reaction. Sample analysis showed that 186 of 962 isolates were mutants, 751 isolates were wild type and 25 isolates failed to give amplification signals. Among the mutant samples detected, 112 samples from November 2009 to April 2010 were further analyzed by sequencing, as well as 200 wild-type samples. The results showed a complete agreement with the PMA assay except for 5 samples failed in sequence analysis.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The PMA assay is rapid, accurate and easy-to-use, and thus can be used for detection of rifampin-resistant in clinical isolate samples.</p>

Analysis of iodine nutritional status of high-risk population in coastal salt-producing areas and coastal nonsalt-producing areas in Xiamen city of Fujian province / 中国地方病学杂志

Objective To assess the iodine nutritional status of special target population in coastal saltproducing areas and coastal non-salt-producing areas in Xiamen city,and to provide a basis for take appropriate measures for prevention of iodine deficiency disorders.Methods The Xiang-An salt-producing areas and the JiMei non-salt-producing areas were chosen as research spots in 2009.One sample of produced water and 2 samples of tap water were collected to test iodine level; 600 children aged 8 to 10 were selected and thyroid palpation was performed,besides,the urine sample and household salt sample were also collected for iodine determination.Sixty pregnant women,breasffeeding women,and 0 - 2 year old infants were recruited,respectively,and urine samples and household salt samples were collected to perform the determination of iodine level.Results The iodine levels in drinking water of Xiang-An district and Ji-Mei district were 3.23 and 6.05 mg/L,respectively.The consumption rates of edible qualified iodinated salt were 84.4％ (438/519) and 98.3％ (392/399),respectively.The goiter rates of children aged 8 - 10 were 3.03％(19/628) and 0.67％(4/600),respectively.The medians of urinary iodine were 202.80 and 238.40 μg/L,respectively.The proportions of urinary iodine level ＜ 50 μg/L were 3.5％ (14/405) and 1.0％(2/202),respectively.The medians of urinary iodine of the pregnant women were 120.55 and 153.35 μg/L,respectively,and the proportions of urinary iodine level ＜ 150 μg/L were 62.1％ (46/74) and 46.8％ (29/62),respectively.The medians of urinary iodine in three trimester were 173.10,144.75 and 101.90 μg/L,respectively,early trimester of pregnancy ＞ second trimester and third trimester (Z =6.151,3.052,all P ＜ 0.05),second trimester ＞ third trimester (Z =2.016,P ＜ 0.05 ).The medians of urinary iodine of the breastfeeding women were 131.20 and 104.35 μg/L,respectively.The proportions of urinary iodine level ＜ 100 μg/L were 35.3％ (24/68) and 46.7％(28/60),respectively.The medians of urinary iodine of the infants were 81.95 and 80.20 μg/L,respectively,the proportions of urinary iodine level ＜ 100 μg/L were 59.7％(37/62) and 61.6％(40/65),respectively,＜ 50 μg/L were 32.3％ (20/62) and 30.8％ (20/65),respectively.Conclusions The levels of iodine nutrition in pregnant women,breastfeeding women,and 0 - 2 year old infants from Xiang-An district and Ji-Mei district in Xiamen city are still below the desired level of iodine nutrition,and the infants and pregnant women in coastal salt-producing areas are poor in iodine nutrition,we should pay close attention.We should strengthen market supervision on iodized salt,carried out iodine nutrition monitoring on pregnant women,breasffeeding women,and infants,and disseminate knowledge of iodine nutrition among high-risk population should be carried out immediately.

The etiological identification of an aseptic encephalitis outbreak (ten cases) in a hospital of Xiamen city, 2011 / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To identify the etiology of an aseptic encephalitis outbreak (ten cases) in a hospital of Xiamen city from 11 to 17 May, 2011.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of ten patients' throat swabs, anal swabs and cerebrospinal fluid were collected and detected by RT-PCR for pan-enterovirus. The samples containing detectable pan-enterovirus were tested by PCR with genotype-specific general primers located in VP1 region of enterovirus genotype A, B and C (HEV-A, B and C). The PCR products of VP1 segment were purified and sequenced, and phylogenetic analysis was performed. Meanwhile, the pathogens in those samples were isolated in Vero cell culture. Homologous analysis of VP1 sequences were carried out for the cultured virus samples and the original clinical samples to identify the outbreak etiology.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among the ten cases, seven cases were positive for pan-enterovirus nucleic acid. When tested by genotype-specific PCR, the throat and anal swab samples from those 7 patients were positive with HEV-B VP1 primers. Meanwhile, the HEV-B VP1 segments were sequenced and phylogenetic analyzed, which indicated the seven cases were all infected by enterovirus Echo 30. The sequences from those samples had homology of 95.3% - 97.1% with the epidemic strains in Zhejiang, 2004. Out of the seven cases, the sequences of XM2, XM3, XM4, XM8 throat swab samples and XM3, XM6 throat samples showed 99.4% - 100.0% homology which were different from the sequence of XM1, and the homology was 92.8% - 93.4%. Furthermore, the viruses were isolated using Vero cells from XM1, XM2, XM3, XM4 and XM8 throat swab samples, and the VP1 sequence showed more than 99.9% homology with the original specimens.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The local outbreak of aseptic encephalitis was caused by Echo 30 of enterovirus genotype B, and the epidemic strains may have different genetic background.</p>

The study on the interactions between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-albumin adducts and various risk factors to primary hepatocellular carcinoma / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the relationship between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and the interaction of PAH exposure and other HCC risk factors to HCC.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Baseline blood samples, collected from 345 HCC cases and 961 controls, were used to determine the level of PAH-albumin adducts by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to assess the effect of PAH-albumin adducts on risk of HCC.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mean level of PAH-albumin adducts was significantly higher in cases than in controls ((5.68 +/- 0.72) fmol/mg albumin vs (5.46 +/- 0.63) fmol/mg albumin) (u = 5.98, P < 0.01). When compared to subjects in the lowest quantile (< 1.76 fmol/mg albumin), there was an increase in risk of HCC, with adjusted ORs (95%CI) of 1.03 (0.65 - 1.60), 1.18 (0.76 - 1.78), 2.01 (1.42 - 2.82) for subjects in the second (1.76-fmol/mg albumin), the third (15.28-fmol/mg albumin), and the fourth quantile (> 34.21 fmol/mg albumin), respectively (chi(2)(trend) = 15.06, P < 0.01). There was a significant interaction between PAH-albumin adducts and HBsAg, family history of cancer and diabetes mellitus on HCC after adjusted for other risk factors, and relative excess risks due to the interaction (RERI) were 2.50 (u = 3.60, P < 0.01), 0.52 (u = 2.13, P < 0.05) and 0.88 (u = 2.26, P < 0.05), respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>PAH-albumin adducts was related with HCC, and there is a trend of HCC prevalence increasing with the content of PAH-albumin adducts. There are interactions between PAH-albumin adducts and HBV infection, family history of cancer and diabetes mellitus on HCC.</p>

Synergistic effects of different types of smoking and other risk factors on risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in Xiamen, China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To evaluated the independent effects of different types of smoking exposure along with multiple risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and determined whether the magnitude of smoking was modified by other risk factors, both in men and women.Methods We conducted a case-control study in Xiamen China. 345 HCC patients and 961 healthy control subjects were personally interviewed for several HCC risk factors. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for each potential risk factor. Results Cigars and pipes were not related to HCC among non-cigarette smokers. However, passive smoking exposure was associated with HCC in women:AOR, 2.35 (95%CI: 1.19-4.07). Regular cigarette smoking was associated with HCC in men: AOR,2.27 (95% CI: 1.14-3.31). Cigarette smoking and chronic infection of hepatitis B virus showed positive additive model interactions in men: RERI(relative excess risk due to interaction) was 98.70and AP (attributable proportion due to interactions) was 81.0%. Data on cigarette smoking with high AFB1-albumin adducts in women showed that the RERI was 2.69 and AP was 50.0%. Conclusion We concluded that sex differences were seen in HCC relationship with cigarette smoking. Controlling of exposure to smoking might be a prudent approach to the prevention of HCC, especially in patients with chronic viral hepatitis infections.

Application study on multicolor combinational probe coding real-time PCR in detection of foodborne pathogens / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the detection limit of multicolor combinational probe coding real-time PCR (MCPC-PCR) in detection of Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus suspended in the food samples, and to apply MCPC-PCR to detect the samples of food poisoning.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Series concentration of bacterium suspension (10(1) - 10(9) CFU/ml) was prepared by using 22 simulated samples including fresh meat and cakes and then MCPC-PCR was applied to detect Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus in 22 samples. Enrichment broth of 101 frozen samples and 5 early patients' anal swabs in food poisoning cases were detected after the DNA samples were extracted.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The limits of MCPC-PCR assay in detecting Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus were about 10(2) copies/test; 101 frozen enrichment broth of samples in food poisoning cases were detected by MCPC-PCR assay, of 23 positive samples, 18 were confirmed by bacteriology techniques; 96 samples detected by MCPC-PCR and bacteriology techniques had the same results, and the coincidence rate was 95.05%. Anal swabs, collected from 5 of early patients in a food poisoning case gave a clue to be Vibrio parahaemolyticus by MCPC-PCR assay and then were perfectly consistent with bacteriology assay.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>As a method of high sensitivity and good specificity, MCPC-PCR assay can quickly and conveniently detect multiple pathogens existing in food samples, therefore we recommend it to be used in rapidly screening or simultaneous detection of food-borne diseases.</p>